xrd.co

Everything you wnat to know about X-Ray Diffraction

  • X-Ray Diffraction
  • X-Ray Analysis
  • X-Ray Diffractometer
  • X-Ray Diffraction
  • X-Ray Analysis
  • X-Ray Diffractometer

Applications of XRD – Pharmaceuticals

Applications of XRD

Pharmaceutical formulations are available as tablets, capsules, ointments, pills, oral liquids, aerosol sprays, etc. Even a single drug can be found in several different formulations which impart   it different characteristics as per administration requirements .In case of solid formulations X-ray diffraction has been used as a non-destructive technique for testing of inconsistencies in manufactured batches, new drug development, and detection of impurities, degree of crystallinity and presence of polymorphism. In other words XRD serves as a fingerprinting technique for pharmaceutical formulations. It helps in optimization of manufacturing parameters, compatibility of excipients with active ingredients and controlling properties of dosage forms such as dissolutuion rate of active ingredients and stability behaviour under different environmental conditions.

The article discusses some common applications of the technique in drug manufacture and quality control .It is important to mention that XRD is a sensitive technique and errors in sample preparation can lead to wrong inferences. The sample collected should be representative of the material and with uniform distribution of particles. During sample collection and preparation the material should not be subjected to unwanted stress or other environmental conditions as such factors can result in adverse effect on the material characteristics.

Identification

Conventionally the analysis is carried out by crushing the tablet or capsule gently in a mortar and pestle or a grinding mill. Vigorous grinding can introduce mechanical stress leading to phase transitions. For small sample quantities capillary mounts can be used. Today modern diffractometers have provision to correct for the curvature when examining tablets or capsules with curved surfaces.  XRD analysis can help determine the uniform distribution of tablet ingredients. Such distribution can establish the preferential treatment of surface modifying agents such as pigments or lubricants which can influence shelf life of a formulation, its dissolution rate and disintegration behaviour. Accessories are also available to conduct studies under variable temperature and humidity.

Degree of hydration or solvation

Hydrated or solvated molecules have different characteristics. Thermal techniques such as TGA and DSC are being used to determine the number of molecules of hydration or solvation but XRD helps easy correlation of such states with crystal structure. Variable temperature accessories further provide an idea of temperature or humidity on associated properties of such materials.

Amorphous content

A drug substance can contain excipients which are amorphous in nature. In comparison with crystalline materials an amorphous material shows instability and transforms to crystalline phase over time due to environmental conditions during storage. Solubility of a drug increases with increasing amorphous content so it becomes necessary to quantify the amorphous content. X-ray diffraction offers a useful tool for quantifying the amorphous content. This is achieved by comparison of the intensity ratio between the peak of crystalline component with the hollow intensity of the amorphous content.

Polymorphic impurity profiling

A formulation can contain polymorphic impurities, products of degradation and excipients which can have a bearing on the functionality, stability and effectiveness of the active ingredient. Different polymorphs of the same compound exhibit different properties. Compression forces during tablet production can cause changes in composition of such compounds. X-ray diffraction is an established method for estimation of such substances

Pharmaceutical analysis poses quite a few challenges due to presence of a broad range of materials, their orientations and mixed crystallinity. However, XRD provides useful information and in combination with other contemporary techniques such as TGA, FT-IR, DSC, NMR,etc can provide useful details on pharmaceutical formulations.

 

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Categories

  • Uncategorized
  • X-ray Diffraction
  • X-ray Diffractometer
  • XRD analysis

Archives

  • July 2016
  • June 2016
  • May 2016

Recent Posts

  • Applications of XRD– Forensics
  • Applications of XRD – Geology and Mining
  • Applications of XRD – Cosmetics
  • Applications of XRD – Foods
  • Applications of XRD – Pharmaceuticals

Applications of XRD – Pharmaceuticals

Pharmaceutical formulations are available as tablets, capsules, ointments, pills, oral liquids, aerosol sprays, etc. Even a single drug can be found in several different formulations which impart   it different characteristics as per administration requirements .In case of solid formulations X-ray diffraction has been used as a non-destructive technique for testing of inconsistencies in manufactured batches, […]

Applications of XRD– Forensics

Forensic analysis is a scientific study which assists criminal investigations. Whenever any crime takes place there is exchange of material between the accused and the victim such as textile fibers, blood stains, gunshot residues, broken glass, saliva, semen, etc. Chemical and biological tests on such materials can provide undisputed evidence to nail down the suspect. […]

Copper bearing ore on mine conveyor

Applications of XRD – Geology and Mining

X-ray diffraction or XRD has made valuable contributions in the field of geology and mining. Geology is the scientific study on structure of planet earth, formation of rocks, sediments and minerals. Mining is an applied science which concerns with extraction of ores, fossil fuels for energy needs and minerals for commercial processing. Minerals are inorganic […]

Applications of XRD – Cosmetics

Cosmetics have been in use since time immemorial. In earlier ages several potentially toxic inorganic pigments such as malachite, mercuric sulphide or white lead were used in cosmetic preparations. In contemporary products several organic components such as parabens, alkylphenols, etc have also been included. It was a common concept that cosmetic products were only meant […]

Applications of XRD – Foods

The growth of our civilization has seen a parallel growth in the food industry. In pre-historic ages humanity was dependent mainly on vegetables, fruits and meat for its daily food intake. However, over the years there has been an increasing demand for processed synthetic foods to cater to the needs of a growing population and […]

  • Applications of XRD – Pharmaceuticals
  • Material Characterization by X-ray Diffraction Studies
  • Component parts of an X-ray Diffractometer
  • Crystal Geometries – Lattices and Miller Indices
  • Role of Bragg’s law in X-Ray Diffraction studies

Applications of XRD– Forensics

Copper bearing ore on mine conveyor

Applications of XRD – Geology and Mining

Applications of XRD – Cosmetics

Applications of XRD – Foods

Copyright © 2021 · Modern Studio Pro on Genesis Framework · WordPress · Log in